Kingston ddr Memory | ddr Memory

DDR Memory (Double Data Rate Memory) is an evolutionary product built upon the foundation of older PC100/PC133 memory technology. Unlike SDRAM memory that supports one operation per the computer's clock cycle, DDR SDRAM memory can do two operations per clock cycle, thereby doubling the memory bandwidth over the corresponding single data rate SDRAM.

Kingston Technology Company is an active member of JEDEC, the computer industry's standards body which developed and finalized the specifications for the DDR SDRAM modules. Kingston's Director of Technology sits on the Board of Directors of JEDEC, elected to a position title of Vice Chairman at Large. Kingston's engineers actively participate in the memory technology subcommittees working on current and next generation memory products.
Kingston's DDR Memory payment efforts closely involve leading semiconductor, processor, chipset and motherboard manufacturers as well as PC OEMs.

DDR The Mainstream Memory Technology Through mid 2005:

DDR Memory was selected by the computer industry to be the mainstream memory technology to replace SDRAM memory. By 2005, it was used in many different platforms, including desktop PCs, servers, notebooks, compact and sub-compact computers, and networking/communications platforms.
DDR memory was selected because of its increased performance as well as its low cost premium over SDRAM, since DDR can easily be manufactured by existing semiconductor fabrication plants and can be built and tested without significant capital investments. DDR Memory delivers increased memory bandwidth and performance over SDRAM memory for many business, ultimedia, and entertainment applications.

Kingston DDR Modules:

Kingston has a comprehensive line of DDR modules for desktop PCs, servers, notebooks,compact and sub-compact computers and networking/communications applications.

* ECC or non-ECC modules.

* Unbuffered DDR DIMMs.

* Registered DDR DIMMs for servers and high end workstations.

* High capacity stacked Registered DDR DIMMs for servers and workstations.

* Unbuffered DDR SO DIMMs for portable PCs or communications/networking applications.

* Unbuffered Micro DIMMs for portable, compact and subcompact PCs, and
communications/networking applications.

* Custom DDR modules for special networking, communications or custom applications.

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Computer Hard Drive Data Recovery | Hard Disk Data Recovery

Data recovery:

Data recovery is the process of salvaging data from damaged, failed, corrupted, or inaccessible secondary storage media when it cannot be accessed normally. Often the data are being salvaged from storage media formats such as hard disk drives, storage tapes, CDs, DVDs, RAID, and other electronics. Recovery may be required due to physical damage to the storage device or logical
damage to the file system that prevents it from being mounted by the host operating system.
The most common "data recovery" issue involves an operating system (OS) failure (typically on a single disk, single-partition, single OS system), where the goal is to simply copy all wanted files to another disk.

This can be easily accomplished with a Live CD, most of which provide a means to 1) mount the system drive, 2) mount and backup disk or media drives, and 3) move the files from the system to the backup with a file manager or optical disc authoring software. Further, such cases can be mitigated by disk partitioning and consistently moving valuable data files to a different partition from the replaceable OS system files.

The second type involves a disk level failure such as a compromised file system, disk partition, or a hard disk failure in each of which the data cannot be easily read. Depending on the case, solutions involve repairing the file system, partition table or MBR, or hard disk data recovery
techniques ranging from software based recovery of corrupted data to hardware replacement on a physically damaged disk. These last two typically indicate the permanent failure of the disk, thus "recovery" means sufficient repair for a one time recovery of files. A third type involves the process of retrieving files that have been deleted from a storage media. Although there is some confusion as to the term, the term "data recovery" may be used to refer to such cases in the context of forensic purposes or spying.
Every hard drive runs a type of File System, a method by which the operating system installed can organise data and free space in a way that it can be written to and read from. Each physical disk can be split up into many partitions, each partition can in turn appear as a logical drive (addressed C:, D:, E: etc...). This guide will only deal with the 2 primary partition types used for Windows Operating Systems - FAT16/32 and NTFS.

NTFS Recovery:

NTFS (NT File System) is now the most common File System, and it is used by Windows NT/XP. FAT-32 is used by Windows 98 and upwards, where as FAT 16 was used by DOS/3.1/95. The most recent operating systems are backwards compatible with older file systems, and can read/write to secondary disks based on the older file system.Both file systems organise the way the data is stored by using a Master Boot Record (MBR) and a Partition Table. These are found in the first sector of the drive, and determine how the disk structure is organised and instructs the computer which partition to boot from.

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Amazon's Bigger Kindle The Kindle DX may be better suited to reading

Six higher-learning institutions will also start Kindle pilot programs this fall: Arizona State University, Case Western University, Pace University, Princeton University, Reed College, and the University of Virginia. Barbara Snyder, president of Case Western, says that her university plans to select a group of 40 students to use the Kindle DX and will compare their performance with that of students in the same classes who don't use the Kindle. "If it helps learning, we're certainly interested in going forward," Snyder says.

At today's launch event, Bezos said that Amazon's newest Kindle is meant to maintain the momentum built up by the previous two devices. For titles that come in Kindle format, he said that Kindle sales now make up 35 percent of Amazon's total for each--up from 13 percent in February, when the Kindle 2 was announced.



The company now hopes to attract more users by delivering a device that can be used to read larger books and documents. "We print more paper now than ever before," Bezos said, suggesting that users aren't satisfied with reading digitally when large, complex pages are squeezed onto a small screen. But customers will have to pay a hefty price for the larger screen: the DX will cost $489 ($130 more than its smaller relative, the Kindle 2) when it starts shipping this summer.

Richard Shim, an analyst with IDC, says that the price of the new Kindle could look affordable to students when compared with the high cost of a semester's worth of textbooks. "This may be significant for democratizing the Kindle," he says.

Students may also enjoy the convenience of carrying all of their books in one light device, Shim says, but he suspects that only textbooks that lack color will work well on the product. Although English and history books probably won't suffer, he says, textbooks that gain significant value from full-color diagrams are likely to look less good in the format.

As for the new Kindle's impact on newspapers, Shim says that the device could help restore the concept of reading a publication as a whole, instead of scanning single articles on the Internet. Perhaps best of all for periodicals, Shim says, is that Kindle users pay for their content. "I think there's a lot of opportunity for newspapers to reengage with readers," he says.

Today, Amazon founder and CEO Jeff Bezos unveiled the Kindle DX, a larger version of the company's flagship e-reader, with dimensions better suited to reading textbooks, newspapers, and PDF documents.

The Kindle DX was launched on the campus of Pace University, in New York City, just three months after Amazon announced the Kindle 2--an improved version of the original device. While experts agree that the Kindle DX, which comes with a 25-centimeter screen, is well designed and promising, some still question how successfully it will replace paper and ink.

To coincide with the launch of the Kindle DX, Amazon announced partnerships with several universities and newspapers. The newspapers involved are no doubt hoping to see electronic readers help revive their business models, which have been weakened by falling circulation figures, lower online advertising rates, and increased competition from the Web. The New York Times, the Washington Post, and the Boston Globe will start pilot marketing programs in the summer, offering readers a cheaper device for a subscription commitment.

At the event, Arthur Sulzberger, chairman of the New York Times, said that the Kindle DX now provides an e-reader experience that is as satisfying as that of reading print. But Sulzberger said that the New York Times and the Boston Globe would only offer reduced subscription rates for DX readers in areas where home delivery is not available.

David Weir, a media consultant with a daily blog on the media industry at Bnet, says that mobile devices such as the Kindle are more suited to preserving a periodical's brand than the Internet is, but he's skeptical about the DX's larger size. "The Kindle may be headed in the exact wrong direction," Weir says, noting that mobile devices have generally succeeded best when made smaller.

Although Amazon's sales of the Kindle have been strong, Weir argues that the device has yet to click with a mainstream audience, and he has doubts about its staying power. "If I were advising any media company," Weir says, "I would say, Don't ever get too romantically involved with a platform. Just when you love them, they leave you."

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